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 1346 - 1397 (51 years)
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| Name |
Richard FITZALAN |
| Suffix |
4th (11th) Earl of Arundel, 9th Earl of Surrey |
| Born |
1346 |
| Gender |
Male |
| Died |
21 Sep 1397 |
| Person ID |
I8544 |
Young Kent Ancestors |
| Last Modified |
28 Oct 2021 |
| Father |
Richard FITZALAN, 10th Earl of Arundel |
| Mother |
Eleanor PLANTAGANET, b. Abt 1318, d. 11 Jan 1372, Arundel Castle, Arundel, Sussex, England  (Age ~ 54 years) |
| Married |
5 Feb 1345 |
Ditton Church, Stoke Puges, Buckinghamshire, England |
| Family ID |
F2950 |
Group Sheet | Family Chart |
-
| Notes |
- Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel, 9th Earl of Surrey, KG (1346 – 21 September 1397) was an English medieval nobleman and military commander.
Contents
1 Lineage
2 Admiral
2.1 Power Struggle
2.2 Knight of the Garter
3 New favourites
4 Radcot Bridge
4.1 Opposed to peace
5 Marriage and children
6 Death and succession
7 Notes
7.1 Secondary sources
8 External links
Lineage
Born in 1346, he was the son of Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster.[2] He succeeded his father to the title of Earl of Arundel on 24 January 1376.
His brother was Thomas Arundel, the Bishop of Ely from 1374 to 1388, Archbishop of York from 1388 to 1397, and Archbishop of Canterbury in 1397 and from 1399 until his death in 1414.[3]
At the coronation of Richard II, Richard Fitzalan carried the crown.[2]
Admiral
Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel; Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester; Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham; Henry, Earl of Derby (later Henry IV); and Thomas Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, demand Richard II to let them prove by arms the justice for their rebellion
In 1377, Richard Fitzalan held the title of Admiral of the North and West.[2] In this capacity, he attacked Harfleur at Whitsun 1378, but was forced to return to his ships by the defenders. Later, he and John of Gaunt attempted to seize Saint-Malo but were unsuccessful.[4]
Power Struggle
Fitzalan was closely aligned with Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, who was uncle of King Richard II. Thomas was opposed to Richard II's desire for peace with France in the Hundred Years War and a power struggle ensued between him and Gloucester. In late 1386, Gloucester forced King Richard II to name himself and Richard Fitzalan to the King's Council.[5] This Council was to all intents and purposes a Regency Council for Richard II. However, Richard limited the duration of the Council's powers to one year.[6]
Knight of the Garter
In 1386, Richard II named Richard Fitzalan Admiral of England and made him a Knight of the Garter.[2] As Admiral of England, he defeated a Franco-Spanish-Flemish fleet off Margate in March 1387, along with Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham.[6]
New favourites
In August 1387, the King dismissed Gloucester and Fitzalan from the Council and replaced them with his favourites - including the Archbishop of York, Alexander Neville; the Duke of Ireland, Robert de Vere; Michael de la Pole; the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Robert Tresilian, who was the Chief Justice; and the former Mayor of London Nicholas Brembre.[7]
Radcot Bridge
The King summoned Gloucester and Fitzalan to a meeting. However, instead of coming, they raised troops and defeated the new Council at Radcot Bridge on 22 December 1387. During that battle, they took the favourites prisoner. The next year, the Merciless Parliament condemned the favourites.
FitzAlan was one of the Lords Appellant who accused and condemned Richard II's favorites.[5] He made himself particularly odious to the King by refusing, along with Gloucester, to spare the life of Sir Simon de Burley who had been condemned by the Merciless Parliament. This was even after the queen, Anne of Bohemia, went down on her knees before them to beg for mercy. King Richard never forgave this humiliation and planned and waited for his moment of revenge.
Arundel was named Governor of Brest in 1388.[2]
Opposed to peace
Peace was concluded with France in 1389. However, Richard FitzAlan followed Gloucester's lead and stated that he would never agree with the peace that had been concluded.[5]
Marriage and children
Arundel married twice.
His first wife was Elizabeth de Bohun, daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. They married around 28 September 1359 and had seven children:[2]
Thomas Fitzalan, 5th Earl of Arundel[2]
Lady Eleanor Fitzalan (c. 1365 – 1375), on 28 October 1371, at the age of about six, married Robert de Ufford. Died childless.
Elizabeth Fitzalan (c. 1366 – 8 July 1425), married first William Montacute (before December 1378); no issue. Married second, in 1384, Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk; had issue. Married third, before August 1401, Sir Robert Goushill of Hoveringham; had issue. Married fourth, before 1411, Sir Gerard Usflete, son of Sir Gerard Usflete (d.1406),[8] MP, without issue.[2][9]
Joan FitzAlan (1375 – 14 November 1435), who married William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny;[2]
Alice Fitzalan (1378 – before October 1415), married before March 1392, John Charleton, 4th Baron Cherleton. (not mentioned as an heir of Thomas in the Complete Peerage). Had an affair with Cardinal Henry Beaufort, by whom she had an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort.
Margaret Fitzalan, who married Sir Rowland Lenthall;[2] by whom she had two sons.
William (or Richard) Fitzalan
After the death of his first wife in 1385, Arundel married Philippa Mortimer, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March. Her mother was Philippa Plantagenet, the only daughter of Lionel of Antwerp and thus a granddaughter of Edward III. They had no children.[2]
Death and succession
By 1394, Arundel was again a member of the royal council, and was involved in a quarrel with John of Gaunt, whom he accused in the parliament of that year.[10] Fitzalan further antagonized the King by arriving late for the queen's funeral. Richard II, in a rage, snatched a wand and struck Fitzalan in the face and drew blood. Shortly after that, the King feigned a reconciliation but he was only biding his time for the right moment to strike.
Arundel was persuaded by his brother Thomas to surrender himself and to trust to the king's clemency.[10] On 12 July 1397, Richard was arrested for his opposition to Richard II,[2] as well as plotting with Gloucester to imprison the king.[11] He stood trial at Westminster and was attainted.[12] He was beheaded on 21 September 1397 and was buried in the church of the Augustin Friars, Bread Street, London.[2] Tradition holds that his final words were said to the executioner, "Torment me not long, strike off my head in one blow".[13]
In October 1400, the attainder was reversed, and Richard's son Thomas succeeded to his father's estates and honours.[2]
Notes
Some Feudal Coats of Arms and Pedigrees. Joseph Foster. 1902. (p.115)
G. E. C. The Complete Peerage p. 244-245
Powell, et al. The House of Lords p. 398
Seward The Hundred Years War p. 124-125
Seward The Hundred Years War p. 136-139
Powell et al. The House of Lords p. 400-401
Powell et al. The House of Lords p. 404
Rawcliffe, C., biography of USFLETE, Sir Gerard, of North Ferriby and Ousefleet, Yorks, published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421, ed. J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe., 1993[1]
Memorials of the Order of the Garter, from Its Foundation to the Present ... By George Frederick p. 298 accessed 1 November 2007
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arundel, Earls of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 706.
Seward The Hundred Years War p. 142
Powell et al. The House of Lords p. 417
Thomas B. Costain The Last Plantagenets, page 200
Secondary sources
Cokayne, George E. (2000). The Complete Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland. Microprint Edition Gloucester: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-904387-82-8.
"Some proposed Corrections to the Complete Peerage". Retrieved 10 July 2007.
Powell, J. Enoch; Wallis, Keith (1968). The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76105-6.
Seward, Desmond (1982). The Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337-1453. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-70628-6.
External links
FitzAlan Family accessed on 10 July 2007
Cawley, Charles, Medieval Lands Project - FitzAlan, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
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http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/arundel4.htm
Richard Fitzalan, 4th (11th) Earl of Arundel (1346-1397)
RICHARD FITZALAN (III), Earl of Arundel and Surrey (1346-1397),1 born in 1346, was the son of Richard Fitzalan (II), Earl of Arundel, and his second wife, Eleanor, daughter of Henry, third earl of Lancaster. He served on the expedition to the Pays de Caux under Lancaster.2 In January 1376 he succeeded to his father's estates and titles. Though the petitions of the Good Parliament contain complaints of the men of Surrey and Sussex against the illegal jurisdiction exercised by his novel 'shire-court' at Arundel over the rapes of Chichester and Arundel,3 he was appointed one of the standing council established in that parliament to restrain the dotage of Edward III.4
Arms of Richard Fitzalan, 4th (11th) Earl of Arundel.
At Richard II's coronation he acted as chief butler.5 He was placed on the council of regency,6 and in 1380 put on a commission to regulate the royal household. In 1377 he was appointed admiral of the west. His earlier naval exploits were but little glorious, yet French authorities credit him with the merit of having saved Southampton from their assault.7 About Whitsuntide 1378 he attacked Harfleur, but was subsequently driven to sea.8 In the same year he and the Earl of Salisbury were defeated by a Spanish fleet, though they afterwards compelled Cherbourg to surrender.9
He next accompanied John of Gaunt on his expedition to St. Malo, where his negligence on the watch gave the French an opportunity to destroy a mine and so compel the raising of the siege.10 Arundel barely escaped with his life.11 The earl showed an equal sluggishness in defending even his own tenants when the French ravaged the coasts of Sussex.12 In 1381 he and Michael de la Pole were approved in parliament as councillors in constant attendance upon the young king and as governors of his person13 In 1383 he was proposed as lieutenant of Bishop Spencer of Norwich's crusading army, but the bishop refused to accept him.14 In 1385 he took part in the expedition to Scotland.
Arundel definitely joined the baronial opposition that had now reformed under Gloucester, the king's uncle. He took a prominent part in the attack on the royal favourites in 1386, acted as one of the judges of M. de la Pole,15 and was put on the commission appointed in parliament to reform and govern the realm and the royal household.16 His appointment as admiral was now renewed with a wider commission, rendered necessary by the projected great invasion of England, which brought Charles VI to Sluys.17 In the spring of 1387 he and Nottingham prepared an expedition against the French, which, on 24 March, defeated a great fleet of Flemish, French, and Spanish ships off Margate, and captured nearly a hundred vessels laden with wine.18 This brilliant victory won Arundel an extraordinary popularity, which was largely increased by the liberality with which he refused to turn the rich booty to his own advantage. For the whole year wine was cheap in England and dear in Netherlands.19 Immediately after he sailed to Brest and relieved and revictualled the town, which was still held for the English, and destroyed two forts erected by the French besiegers over against it.20 He then returned in triumph to England, plundering the country round Sluys and capturing snips there on his way. All danger of French invasion was at an end.
In 1387 Richard II obtained from the judges a declaration of the illegality of the commission of which Arundel was a member. His rash attempt to arrest the earl produced the final conflict. Northumberland was sent to seize Arundel at Reigate, but, fearing the number of his retainers, retired without accomplishing his mission.21 Warned of this treachery, Arundel escaped by night and joined Gloucester and Warwick at Harringhay, where they took arms (November 1387). At Waltham Cross on 16 Nov. they first appealed of treason the evil councillors of the king, and on 17 Nov. forced Richard to accept their charges at Westminster Hall.
When the favourites attempted resistance, another meeting of the confederates was held on 12 Dec. at Huntingdon, where Arundel strongly urged the capture and deposition of the king. But the reluctance of the new associates, Derby and Nottingham, caused this violent plan to be rejected.22 But Arundel continued the fiercest of the king's enemies. In the parliament of February 1388 he was one of the five lords who solemnly renewed the appeal [see Lords Appellant].23 He specially pressed for the execution of Burley [Sir Simon Burley, Warden of the Cinque Ports], though Derby wished to save him, and for three hours the queen interceded on her knees for his life.24
In May 1388 Arundel again went to sea, still acting as admiral, and now also as captain of Brest and lieutenant of the king in Brittany. Failing to do anything great in that country, he sailed southward, conquered Oleron and other small islands off the coast , and finally landed off La Rochelle, and took thence great pillage.25 Next year, however, he was superseded as admiral by Huntingdon,26 and in May was, with the other Lords Appellant, removed from the council. He was, however, restored in December, when Richard and his old masters finally came to terms.27
For the next few years peace prevailed at home and abroad. The party of the appellants began to show signs of breaking up, though Arundel still remained faithful to his old policy. In 1392 he was fined four hundred marks for marrying Philippa, daughter of the Earl of March and widow of John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke.28 A personal quarrel of Arundel with John of Gaunt marks the beginning of the catastrophe of Richard II's reign. The new Countess of Arundel was rude to Catharine Swynford [Duchess of Lancaster].29 Henry Beaufort, if report were true, seduced Alice, Arundel's daughter.30
In 1393, when Arundel was residing at his castle of Holt, a revolt against John of Gaunt broke out in Cheshire, and Arundel showed such inactivity in assisting in the restoration of peace that the duke publicly accused him in parliament of conniving at the rising.31 Arundel answered by a long series of complaints against Lancaster.32 Some of these so nearly touched the king as to make him very angry, and Arundel was compelled to apologise for what he had said. The actual English words that he uttered in his recantation are preserved in the Rolls of Parliament.
A short retirement from court now seems to have ensued,33 but Arundel soon returned, only to give Richard fresh offence by coming late to the queen's funeral and yet asking leave to retire at once from the ceremony.34 The king struck Arundel with a cane with such force as to shed blood and therefore to pollute the precincts of Westminster Abbey. On 3 Aug. Arundel was sent to the Tower,35 but was released on 10 Aug.,36 when he re-entered the council. The appointment of his brother Thomas as Archbishop of Canterbury may mark the final reconciliation.
After the stormy parliament of February 1397, Arundel and Gloucester withdrew from court, after reproaching the king with the loss of Brest and Cherbourg. It was probably after this, if ever, that Arundel entertained Gloucester, Warwick, and his brother the Archbishop at Arundel Castle, when they entered into a solemn conspiracy against Richard.37 Nottingham, who, though Arundel's son-in-law and one of the appellants, had now deserted his old party, informed Richard of the plot. The king invited the three chief conspirators to a banquet on 10 July.38 From this Arundel absented himself without so much as an excuse, but the arrest of Warwick, who ventured to attend, was his justification.
He was, however, in a hopeless position. His brother pressed him to surrender, and persuaded him that the king had given satisfactory promises of his safety.39 He left accordingly his stronghold at Reigate, and accompanied the archbishop to the palace. Richard at once handed him over into custody, while Thomas returned sorrowfully to Lambeth.40 This was on 16 July. Arundel was hurried off to Carisbrooke and thence after an interval removed to the Tower.
On 17 Sept. a royalist parliament assembled. The pardons of the appellants were revoked.41 On 20 Sept. Archbishop Arundel was impeached. Next day the new appellants laid their charges against the Earl of Arundel before the lords. He was brought before them, arrayed in scarlet. With much passion he protested that he was no traitor, and that the charges against him were barred by the pardons he had received. A long and angry altercation broke out between him and John of Gaunt and Henry of Derby, his old associate. He refused to answer the charges, denounced his accusers as liars, and when the speaker declared that the pardon on which he relied had been revoked by the faithful Commons, exclaimed, 'The faithful commons are not here'.42
He was, of course, condemned, though Richard commuted the barbarous penalty of treason into simple decapitation. The execution immediately followed. He was hurried through the streets of London to Tower Hill, amidst the lamentations of a sympathising multitude. Brutally ill-treated by the bands of Cheshiremen who had been collected to overawe the Londoners, he displayed extraordinary firmness and resolution, 'no more shrinking or changing colour than if he were going to a banquet.'43 He rebuked with much dignity his treacherous kinsfolk,44 and exhorted the hangman to sharpen well his axe. Slain by a single stroke, he was buried in the church of the Augustinian friars. The people reverenced him as a martyr, and went on pilgrimage to his tomb. At last Richard, conscience-stricken though he was at his death, avoided a great political anger by ordering all traces of the place of his burial to be removed. But after the fall of Richard the pilgrimages were renewed, and the next generation did not doubt that his merits had won for him a place in the company of the saints.45
Arundel was very religious and a bountiful patron of the church. So early as 1380 he was admitted into the brotherhood of the abbey of Tichfield. In the same year he founded the hospital of the Holy Trinity at Arundel for a warden and twenty poor men.46 Between 1380 and 1387 he enlarged the chantry projected by his father into the college of the Holy Trinity, also at Arundel. This establishment now included a master and twelve secular canons, and superseded the confiscated alien priory of St. Nicholas.47 In his will he left liberal legacies to several churches.
By his first wife, Elizabeth (d. 1385), daughter of William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton, Arundel had three sons and four daughters. The second son, Thomas, ultimately became Earl of Arundel. Of his daughter Elizabeth's four husbands, the second was Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham. Another daughter, Joan, married William, Lord Bergavenny. A third, Alice, married John, Lord Charlton of Powys. By Philippa Mortimer Arundel had no children.
1. Depending on the source and on how the barons are counted, he is called either the 4th, 11th, or 14th Earl of Arundel.
2. Nicolas, Scrope and Grosvenor Roll, i. 220.
3. Rotuli Parliamentorum, ii. 348.
4. Chronicon Angliae, 1328-1388, p. lxviii, Rolls Ser.
5. Rot. Parl. iii. 181.
6. ib. iii. 386.
7. Luce, Chronique des Quatre Premiers Valois, p. 263, ed. Soc. de l'Histoire de France.
8. ib. p. 273.
9. Walsingham, Chronicle of Richard II, ed. Riley, i. 371.
10. Froissart, livre ii. ch. xxxvi. ed. Buchon.
11. Chronique des Quatre Premiers Valois, p. 276.
12. Walsingham. i. 439; cf. Chron. Angliae, p. 168.
13. Walsingham. ii. 166; Rot. Parl. iii. 1046.
14. ib. iii. 155 a.
15. Walsingham. ii. 152.
16. Rot. Parl. iii. 221.
17. Froissart, iii. 47; cf. Wallon, Richard II, livre v. ch.iii.
18. Walsingham. ii. 164-6; Monk of Evesham's History of the Life and Reign of Richard II, ed. Hearne, 1729, p. 78; Froissart, iii. 58. The different accounts vary hopelessly; see Nicolas, A History of the Royal Navy, ii. 317-24.
19. Froissart, iii. 64.
20. Knighton in Twysden's Decem Scriptores, c. 2692.
21. Monk of Evesham, p. 90.
22. Rot. Parl. iii. 376.
23. ib. iii. 229; Knihhton, cc. 2713-2726.
24. Chronique de la Traison et Mort de Richard, Engl. Hist. Soc., p. 133.
25. Froissart, iii. 112, 113, 129.
26. Knighton, c. 2735.
27. Nicolas, Proceedings of the Privy Council, i. 17.
28. Rot. Pat. 15 Rich. II, in Dallaway's Western Sussex, II. i. 134, new edit.
29. Froissart, iv. 60.
30. Powel, History of Cambria, p. 138, from a pedigree of the Stradlings, whose then representative married the daughter born of the connection; cf. Clark, Limbus Patrum Morganiae et Glanmorganiae, p. 435.
31. Walsingham. ii. 214; Annales Ric. II, ed Riley, p. 161.
32. Rot. Parl. iii. 313.
33. Ann. Ric. II, p. 166.
34. ib. p. 169; Walsingham, ii. 215.
35. Rymer, Foedera, vii. 784.
36. ib. vii. 785.
37. Chronique de la Traison, pp. 5-6, though the date there given, 23 July 1396, must be wrong, and 28 July 1397, the editor's conjecture, is too late, one manuscript says 8 Feb.; Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys, ii. 476-8, in Collection de Documents Inedits, cf. Froissart, iv. 56. The statement is in no English authority, and has been much questioned, cf. Wallon, ii. 161, 452.
38. Ann. Ric. II, p. 201.
39. ib. 202-8; Walsingham, ii. 223.
40. Eulogium Historiarum iii. 371.
41. Rot. Parl. iii. 350, 351.
42. Monk of Evesham, pp. 136-8; Rot. Parl. iii. 377; Ann. Ric. pp. 214-19.
43. Walsingham. ii. 225-6; cf. Religieux de Saint-Denys, ii. 552.
44. Nottingham was not present, though Walsingham and Froissart, iv. 61, say that he was.
45. Adam of Usk, Chronicon Adae de Usk, ed. Thompson, 1876, p. 14.
46. Dugdale, Monasticon, ed. Caley, &c., 1849, vi. 736-7.
47. ib. vi. 1377-1379; Tierney, History of Arundel, pp. 594-613.
Excerpted from:
Tout, T. F. "Richard Fitzalan (III), Earl of Arundel And Surrey."
Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. VII. Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee, Eds.
New York: The Macmillan Company, 1908. 98-100.
Other Local Resources:
The Hundred Years' War
King Richard II
Family Tree of Fitzalan, Earls of Arundel
Richard Fitzalan, 3rd Earl of Arundel
Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury
Thomas Fitzalan, 5th Earl of Arundel
John Fitzalan, 7th Earl of Arundel
William Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel
Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel
Web Links:
Genealogy - ThePeerage.com
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This page was created on June 3, 2012. Last updated October 7, 2017
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